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Bryozoa (moss animals, sea mats, polyzoa and ectoprocts)


home Animal kingdon Taxonomy Geological table definitions
 
THEY HAVE/ARE THEY DON'T HAVE
Modular and colonial A circulatory or excretory system
Bilaterally symmetrical  
Reproduction is sexual and asexual by budding  
Colonies are hermaphrodite, but individuals may be single sexed  
U-shaped gut  
A small lophophore (a horseshoe-shaped crown of tentacles)  
Body enclosed in chitinous, calcareous, or gelatinous tube or matrix  
Eggs can be "brooded" in the body cavity  
Development indirect  
Freshwater and marine  

These are also known as moss animals, sea mats, polyzoa and ectoprocts. They usually occur in colonies in the shallows, and are often mistaken for algae or sponges. Individuals are minute, usually measuring less than 0.5 mm long (see Bowerbankia sp). right. The lophophore (see diagram below left) can be retracted when the animal is disturbed. The tentacles are covered with cilia, the beating od which sets up a water current to collect food particles. These are then passed down the cilia to the mouth. There are about 4300 described species, and they have no fossil record until the Ordovician. The eggs or statoblasts of some freshwater species can withstand freezing and desiccation, and usually germinate in the spring. A freshwater bryozoan colony can be up to 5 cm long. They are usually found in clear ponds and lakes on the undersides of water-lily leaves or the upper surfaces of stones. A colony can move about 10 cm a day.

bryozoa, Bowerbankia sp.
Triphyllozoon sp., moss animal On the left is a Triphyllozoon sp. colony. They are found in Australian water. In this particular colony there are over 5 000 000 individuals.

Crisatella mucedo, freshwater bryozoan

Below is Adeona sp., so found in Australian water.

On the left are some individuals of Crisatella mucedo a freshwater bryozoan, and on the right a diagram showing the lophophore from the side and above. a Cristatella mucedo colony looks like a piece of furry jelly. It is found in clear ponds and lakes on the upper surface of plants and stones. It prefers exposure to the light.

 

 

Cristatella mucedo, bryozoa, moss animal
Adeona sp., moss animal, Bryozoa Below is Chasmatopora furcata, a bryozoan from the early Ordovician, about 450 million years ago, found in what is now Estonia.
Chasmatopora furcata, fossil bryozoa
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